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Information in German language:	National Contact Point Germany (EPISCOPE)
	TABULA Building Typology Germany

Residential Building Typology

Building Type Matrix

classification scheme for residential buildings --- construction year classes --- pictures of example buildings

(►explanations)

Generic Building Types

Last updated: 10.04.2015

Further Building Types

Last updated: 04.09.2014

National Typology Brochure

example buildings --- typical energy consumption values --- effect of refurbishment measures --- building display sheets

(►explanations)

Brochure in German language. (Click on picture to download PDF.)

Last updated: 10.04.2015

Statistics of the German Building Stock

systematical overview --- available statistics for residential buildings and heat supply systems

(►explanations)

Overview

Statistical Table	Item	Available	Sources
S-1.1	Frequency of building types of the national building stock	yes	[2]
S-1.2.1	Percentage of thermally refurbished envelope areas	yes	[1]
S-1.2.2	Information on insulation level and window types	yes	[1]
S-2.1	Centralisation of the heat supply (for space heating)	yes	[1]
S-2.2	Heat distribution and storage of space heating systems	yes	[1]
S-2.3	Heat generation of space heating systems	yes	[1]
S-2.4	Heat distribution and storage of domestic hot water systems	yes	[1]
S-2.5	Heat generation of domestic hot water systems	yes	[1]
S-2.6	Solar thermal systems
S-2.7	Ventilation systems
S-2.8	Air-conditioning systems
S-2.9	Control of central heating systems
S-3.1	Domestic energy consumption	yes	[3],[4]

[1] Source: Analysis carried out by IWU 2011 for the TABULA project with "Datenbasis Gebäudebestand", a data base of a representative survey of the German residential housing stock (project report: "Datenbasis Gebäudebestand", Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, 9.12.2010)

[2] Source: "Basisdaten für Hochrechnungen mit der Deutschen Gebäudetypologie des IWU", Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, October 2013. In this paper data from the German census 2011 was analysed. For assigning the building typology's size classes (SFH, TH, MFH, AB) to the statistical data the following definitions were used: SFH: detached buildings with 1-2 apartments, TH: other types of buildings with 1-2 apartments (terraced houses, double houses, others) , MFH: buildings with 3-12 apartments, AB: buildings with 13 or more apartments.

[3] Source: AG Energiebilanzen, BMWi (2014): Zahlen und Fakten Energiedaten. Nationale und Internationale Entwicklungen. 23.06.2014, Table 7a

[4] Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (2014): Gebäude und Wohnungen. Bestand an Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Bauabgang von Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Lange Reihen ab 1969-2012, Tables 1.1 and 2.1 www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bauen/Wohnsituation/FortschreibungWohnungsbestandXLS_5312301.html

Last updated: 02.09.2014

Statistic S-1.1: Frequency of building types of the national building stock

(building stock in May 2011: residential buildings erected until end of 2009)
total residential building stock in May 2011: 18,368,000 buildings, 39,432,000 apartments, 3,575 million m² living space

construction		SFH	TH	MFH	AB	sum	fraction
year class		number of buildings (1000)
1	... 1859	330	148	54	0.6	533	3 %
2	1860 ... 1918	966	492	442	28.7	1929	11 %
3	1919 ... 1948	1131	710	388	7.4	2236	12 %
4	1949 ... 1957	859	447	356	17.3	1679	9 %
5	1958 ... 1968	1509	633	586	34.0	2762	15 %
6	1969 ... 1978	1507	611	412	50.1	2580	14 %
7	1979 ... 1983	704	335	146	15.0	1200	7 %
8	1984 ... 1994	1160	652	309	28.7	2150	12 %
9	1995 ... 2001	1035	619	244	20.9	1919	11 %
10	2002 ... 2009	775	384	85	7.6	1251	7 %
sum		9976	5030	3023	210	18239	100 %
fraction		55 %	28 %	17 %	1 %	100 %

Last updated: 31.10.2013

construction		SFH	TH	MFH	AB	sum	fraction
year class		number of dwellings (1000)
1	... 1859	399	181	214	11.1	806	2 %
2	1860 ... 1918	1213	617	2177	525.8	4533	12 %
3	1919 ... 1948	1389	840	1911	126.0	4265	11 %
4	1949 ... 1957	1060	546	2003	307.5	3915	10 %
5	1958 ... 1968	1948	749	3348	817.7	6863	17 %
6	1969 ... 1978	1915	685	2313	1366.3	6279	16 %
7	1979 ... 1983	881	374	852	355.7	2463	6 %
8	1984 ... 1994	1397	722	1826	605.3	4550	12 %
9	1995 ... 2001	1204	674	1390	407.7	3675	9 %
10	2002 ... 2009	858	409	461	151.4	1880	5 %
sum		12263	5796	16495	4674	39228	100 %
fraction		31 %	15 %	42 %	12 %	100 %

Last updated: 31.10.2013

construction		SFH	TH	MFH	AB	sum	fraction
year class		living space (million m²)
1	... 1859	46	19	16	0.7	82	2 %
2	1860 ... 1918	135	62	163	35.8	396	11 %
3	1919 ... 1948	150	82	129	7.9	370	10 %
4	1949 ... 1957	116	52	125	17.0	309	9 %
5	1958 ... 1968	218	76	225	47.1	567	16 %
6	1969 ... 1978	233	79	169	86.7	569	16 %
7	1979 ... 1983	110	45	64	21.9	240	7 %
8	1984 ... 1994	178	85	133	34.8	431	12 %
9	1995 ... 2001	158	80	104	25.5	368	10 %
10	2002 ... 2009	119	52	39	10.4	220	6 %
sum		1463	633	1168	288	3552	100 %
fraction		41 %	18 %	33 %	8 %	100 %

Last updated: 31.10.2013

construction		SFH	TH	MFH	AB	sum	fraction
year class		TABULA reference area (million m²)
1	... 1859	50	21	18	1	90	2 %
2	1860 ... 1918	148	69	180	39	436	11 %
3	1919 ... 1948	165	91	142	9	407	10 %
4	1949 ... 1957	127	57	137	19	340	9 %
5	1958 ... 1968	240	84	248	52	623	16 %
6	1969 ... 1978	257	87	186	95	626	16 %
7	1979 ... 1983	121	49	70	24	264	7 %
8	1984 ... 1994	196	94	146	38	474	12 %
9	1995 ... 2001	173	89	115	28	405	10 %
10	2002 ... 2009	131	57	43	11	242	6 %
sum		1609	697	1285	316	3908	100 %
fraction		41 %	18 %	33 %	8 %	100 %

*calculation approach: TABULA reference area = living space x 1.1

Last updated: 31.10.2013

Aggregation for Building Stock Model

		construction period	number of buildings	number of dwellings	living space	Tabula reference area
			1000	1000	million m²	million m²
"Single Family Houses"	SFH I	until 1978	9342	11541	1270	1396
(<= 2 dwellings)	SFH II	1979 - 1994	2852	3373	418	459
	SFH II	1995 - 2009	2813	3144	409	450
"Multi Family Houses "	MFH I	until 1978	2377	15120	1024	1126
(>=3 dwellings)	MFH II	1979 - 1994	498	3639	253	278
	MFH III	1995 - 2009	358	2411	179	197
sum			18239	39228	3552	3908

Last updated: 31.10.2013

Statistic S-1.2.1: Percentage of Thermally Refurbished Envelope Areas

Percentages related to building numbers of the respective classes SFH I - MFH II
Percentage of modernised element area (with improved thermal protection)
Building classes	SFH I	SFH II	MFH I	MFH II
	until 1978	1979-1994	until 1978	1979-1994
walls	20 %	7 %	26 %	15 %
roofs / upper floor ceilings	47 %	24 %	48 %	23 %
basement / cellar ceiling	10 %	3 %	11 %	7 %
windows*	35 %	12 %	44 %	24 %

modernisation of buildings erected after 1995 (SFH III and MFH III) neglected
*percentage of thermal protection glasing (window installation after 1995)

Statistic S-1.2.2: Information on Insulation Level and Window Types

S-1.2.2.1: Insulation thicknesses of refurbished Elements

Numbers related to modernised elements
Average values of insulation layer thickness
walls	8.7 cm
roofs / upper floor ceilings	12.8 cm
basement / cellar ceiling	7.5 cm

Statistic S-2.1: Centralisation of the Heat Supply (for Space Heating)

percentages related to: numbers of dwellings in all residential buildings of the classes SFH I - MFH III
	SFH			MFH
	SFH I (-1978)	SFH II (1979-94)	SFH III (1995-2009)	MFH I (-1978)	MFH II (1979-94)	MFH III (1995-2009 )
Centralisation of Heating System
District Heating	1.4 %	2.3 %	3.6 %	12.0 %	22.2 %	11.6 %
Building / Apartment Heating Systems	88.4 %	93.4 %	94.1 %	81.9 %	75.1 %	88.0 %
Room Heating Systems	10.2 %	4.3 %	2.3 %	6.1 %	2.7 %	0.4 %

Statistic S-2.2: Heat Distribution and Storage of Space Heating Systems

percentages related to number of dwellings in buildings of classes SFH I- MFH III
which are supplied by building / apartment or district heating systems
Heat distribution and storage for space heating
	SFH I	SFH II	SFH III	MFH I	MFH II	MFH III
level 1: "high heat losses"	31 %	0 %	0 %	39 %	0 %	0 %
level 2: "medium heat losses"	28 %	61 %	30 %	33 %	85 %	74 %
level 3: "low heat losses"	13 %	8 %	23 %	19 %	9 %	22 %
level 4: "no heat losses"	29 %	31 %	48 %	9 %	5 %	4 %

Statistic S-2.3: Heat Generation of Space Heating Systems

Heat Generator Types

percentages related to: dwellings in all residential buildings of the classes SFH I - MFH III
Heat Generators for Space Heating			SFH			MFH
Heat Generators for Space Heating		SFH I	SFH II	SFH III	MFH I	MFH II	MFH III
Heat Generators	Energy Carrier
	District Heating
	District Heating	1.4 %	2.3 %	3.6 %	12.0 %	22.2 %	11.6 %
	Building / Apartment Heating Systems
Boilers	Gas	43.6 %	48.1 %	66.4 %	52.5 %	61.9 %	77.9 %
	Oil	39.4 %	40.6 %	18.7 %	25.6 %	12.7 %	5.2 %
	Biomass	4.1 %	3.0 %	2.9 %	2.3 %	0.5 %	3.2 %
	Coal	0.3 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.1 %	0.0 %	0.0 %
Heat Pump	Electricity	1.0 %	1.7 %	6.1 %	1.3 %	0.0 %	1.4 %
Heat Pump	Gas	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %
CHP Enginge	Gas	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.1 %	0.0 %	0.3 %
direct electric	Electricity	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %
	Room Heating Systems
Stoves	Gas	1.4 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	1.2 %	0.1 %	0.0 %
	Oil	1.4 %	0.3 %	0.2 %	0.9 %	0.1 %	0.0 %
	Biomass	3.8 %	0.3 %	0.8 %	1.3 %	0.0 %	0.0 %
	Coal	0.7 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.6 %	0.0 %	0.0 %
direct electric	Electricity	2.9 %	3.7 %	1.3 %	2.1 %	2.5 %	0.4 %

Energy Carriers

percentages related to: dwellings in all residential buildings of the classes SFH I - MFH III	SFH			MFH
	SFH I	SFH II	SFH III	MFH I	MFH II	MFH III
Summary: Energy Carriers
District Heating	1.4 %	2.3 %	3.6 %	12.0 %	22.2 %	11.6 %
Gas	45.0 %	48.1 %	66.4 %	53.8 %	62.0 %	78.2 %
Oil	40.8 %	40.9 %	18.9 %	26.5 %	12.8 %	5.2 %
Biomass	7.9 %	3.3 %	3.7 %	3.6 %	0.5 %	3.2 %
Coal	1.0 %	0.0 %	0.0 %	0.7 %	0.0 %	0.0 %
Electricity	3.9%	5.4 %	7.4 %	3.4 %	2.5 %	1.8 %

Statistic S-2.4: Heat Distribution and Storage of Domestic Hot Water Systems

percentages related to number of dwellings in buildings of classes SFH I- MFH III
only buildings where the hot water is provided by the main heat generator for space heating are considered
Heat distribution and storage for space heating
	SFH I	SFH II	SFH III	MFH I	MFH II	MFH III
level 1: installed until 1979, not modernised	42 %	0 %	0 %	37 %	0 %	0 %
level 2: installed or modernised 1980 - 2000	39 %	89 %	55 %	43 %	86 %	77 %
level 3: installed or modernised since 2001	19 %	11 %	45 %	21 %	14 %	23 %

Statistic S-2.5: Heat Generation of Domestic Hot Water Systems

percentages related to number of dwellings in buildings of classes SFH I- MFH III
Heat Generation for hot water supply
	SFH I	SFH II	SFH III	MFH I	MFH II	MFH III
hot water generation combined with heating system	74 %	86 %	91 %	67 %	69 %	86 %
electric flow heaters without storage tanks	13 %	5 %	5 %	23 %	28 %	13 %
electric heaters with small storage tanks	6 %	4 %	1 %	3 %	1 %	1 %
gas flow heaters without storage tanks	3 %	0 %	0 %	6 %	1 %	1 %
hot water storage tanks directly heated with fuels (e.g. gas)	4 %	5 %	2 %	1 %	1 %	0 %
heat pump for hot water generation (exhaust air, cellar air)	0 %	0 %	1 %	0 %	0 %	0 %

Statistic S-3.1: Domestic energy consumption

Final energy consumption of private households by application in Germany, in TWh

	1996	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Total	836.9	710.6	688.3	743.2	648.2	675.4
Space Heating	657.8	509.0	489.3	549.4	433.1	462.3
Oil	239.3	155.5	136.5	139.0	109.0	117.2
Oil inventories	9.0
Gas	285.8	222.6	215.6	243.3	189.5	201.8
Electricity	26.9	16.8	15.4	18.8	9.2	8.8
District heating	43.1	42.0	44.9	49.3	40.4	42.9
Coal	28.5	11.4	10.5	14.9	16.1	14.2
Renewables		60.8	66.4	84.1	69.0	77.5
Other	25.2
Domestic Hot Water	89.6	94.4	93.4	90.1	105.9	102.9
Oil	24.4	24.1	18.5	17.3	22.5	22.3
Gas	34.2	45.5	48.6	45.7	50.9	49.1
Electricity	22.8	17.2	18.9	20.0	19.3	19.0
District heating	5.7	3.6	4.1	3.3	5.2	5.1
Coal	0.8	1.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4
Renewables		2.9	3.2	3.8	8.0	6.9
Other	1.6
Other Process Heat Applications	27.7	39.1	38.8	38.1	39.5	40.2
Gas	3.3	0.9	0.7	0.7	1.0	1.0
Electricity	22.8	38.1	38.0	37.4	38.5	39.2
Other	1.6
Cooling
Other Process Cooling (Electricity)		27.8	27.6	27.1	29.0	29.2
Mechanical Energy	50.5	4.0	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.4
Oil		0.7	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Electricity	50.5	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.4
ICT (Electricity)		24.1	23.8	23.4	24.6	24.7
Lighting (Electricity)	11.4	12.2	12.1	11.8	12.7	12.7

Data Source: AG Energiebilanzen, BMWi (2014): Zahlen und Fakten Energiedaten. Nationale und Internationale Entwicklungen. 23.06.2014, Table 7a

Additional data

	1996	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
Dwellings in residential and non-residential buildings
Living area [1000 m²]	3,054,302	3,462,334	3,462,334	3,723,050	3,741,851	3,763,379
Number of dwellings	36,492,323	40,057,282	40,057,282	41,223,250	41,373,770	41,550,267
Dwelling in residential buildings
Living area [1000 m²]	2,992,485	3,393,400	3,409,819	3,597,985	3,616,552	3,637,799
Number of dwellings	35,789,160	39,267,887	39,390,468	3,9815,920	39,963,739	40,136,317
Number of buildings	15,924,303	17,949,803	18,029,257	18,359,032	18,447,707	18,545,526

Data source: Statistisches Bundesamt (2014): Gebäude und Wohnungen. Bestand an Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Bauabgang von Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Lange Reihen ab 1969-2012, Tables 1.1 and 2.1

Last updated: 02.09.2014

National Scientific Report Germany

Fundamentals and elements of the national residential building typology

Download:<DE_TABULA_ScientificReport_IWU.pdf>

(in English Language)

Last updated: 02.11.2012

Responsible for the content of this page:
IWU - Institute for Housing and Environment
(contact information)