National Contact Points
Germany National Contact for
Germany
Greece National Contact for
Greece
Slovenia National Contact for
Slovenia
Italy National Contact for
Italy
France National Contact for
France
Ireland National Contact for
Ireland
Belgium National Contact for
Belgium
Poland National Contact for
Poland
Austria National Contact for
Austria
Bulgaria National Contact for
Bulgaria
Czech Republic National Contact for
Czech Republic
Denmark National Contact for
Denmark
Spain National Contact for
Spain
 

DE Germany - Country Page

National Contact Point

Information in German language:    National Contact Point Germany (EPISCOPE)
TABULA Building Typology Germany

Residential Building Typology

Building Type Matrix

classification scheme for residential buildings  ---  construction year classes  ---  pictures of example buildings

(►explanations

Generic Building Types

Last updated: 10.04.2015

Further Building Types

Last updated: 04.09.2014


National Typology Brochure

example buildings  ---  typical energy consumption values  ---  effect of refurbishment measures  ---  building display sheets

(►explanations)

Brochure in German language. (Click on picture to download PDF.)

Last updated: 10.04.2015


Statistics of the German Building Stock

systematical overview  ---  available statistics for residential buildings and heat supply systems

(►explanations)

Overview

Statistical Table Item Available Sources
S-1.1 Frequency of building types of the national building stock yes [2]
S-1.2.1 Percentage of thermally refurbished envelope areas yes [1]
S-1.2.2 Information on insulation level and window types yes [1]
S-2.1 Centralisation of the heat supply (for space heating) yes [1]
S-2.2 Heat distribution and storage of space heating systems yes [1]
S-2.3 Heat generation of space heating systems yes [1]
S-2.4 Heat distribution and storage of domestic hot water systems yes [1]
S-2.5 Heat generation of domestic hot water systems yes [1]
S-2.6 Solar thermal systems
S-2.7 Ventilation systems
S-2.8 Air-conditioning systems
S-2.9 Control of central heating systems
S-3.1 Domestic energy consumption yes [3],[4]

[1] Source: Analysis carried out by IWU 2011 for the TABULA project with "Datenbasis Gebäudebestand", a data base of a representative survey of the German residential housing stock (project report: "Datenbasis Gebäudebestand", Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, 9.12.2010)

[2] Source: "Basisdaten für Hochrechnungen mit der Deutschen Gebäudetypologie des IWU", Institut Wohnen und Umwelt, Darmstadt, October 2013. In this paper data from the German census 2011 was analysed. For assigning the building typology's size classes (SFH, TH, MFH, AB) to the statistical data the following definitions were used: SFH: detached buildings with 1-2 apartments, TH: other types of buildings with 1-2 apartments (terraced houses, double houses, others) , MFH: buildings with 3-12 apartments, AB: buildings with 13 or more apartments.

[3] Source: AG Energiebilanzen, BMWi (2014): Zahlen und Fakten Energiedaten. Nationale und Internationale Entwicklungen. 23.06.2014, Table 7a

[4] Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (2014): Gebäude und Wohnungen. Bestand an Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Bauabgang von Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Lange Reihen ab 1969-2012, Tables 1.1 and 2.1 www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bauen/Wohnsituation/FortschreibungWohnungsbestandXLS_5312301.html

Last updated: 02.09.2014

Statistic S-1.1: Frequency of building types of the national building stock

(building stock in May 2011: residential buildings erected until end of 2009)
total residential building stock in May 2011: 18,368,000 buildings, 39,432,000 apartments, 3,575 million m² living space

construction SFH TH MFH AB sum fraction
year class number of buildings (1000)
1 ... 1859 330 148 54 0.6 533 3 %
2 1860 ... 1918 966 492 442 28.7 1929 11 %
3 1919 ... 1948 1131 710 388 7.4 2236 12 %
4 1949 ... 1957 859 447 356 17.3 1679 9 %
5 1958 ... 1968 1509 633 586 34.0 2762 15 %
6 1969 ... 1978 1507 611 412 50.1 2580 14 %
7 1979 ... 1983 704 335 146 15.0 1200 7 %
8 1984 ... 1994 1160 652 309 28.7 2150 12 %
9 1995 ... 2001 1035 619 244 20.9 1919 11 %
10 2002 ... 2009 775 384 85 7.6 1251 7 %
sum 9976 5030 3023 210 18239 100 %
fraction 55 % 28 % 17 % 1 % 100 %

Last updated: 31.10.2013

construction SFH TH MFH AB sum fraction
year class number of dwellings (1000)
1 ... 1859 399 181 214 11.1 806 2 %
2 1860 ... 1918 1213 617 2177 525.8 4533 12 %
3 1919 ... 1948 1389 840 1911 126.0 4265 11 %
4 1949 ... 1957 1060 546 2003 307.5 3915 10 %
5 1958 ... 1968 1948 749 3348 817.7 6863 17 %
6 1969 ... 1978 1915 685 2313 1366.3 6279 16 %
7 1979 ... 1983 881 374 852 355.7 2463 6 %
8 1984 ... 1994 1397 722 1826 605.3 4550 12 %
9 1995 ... 2001 1204 674 1390 407.7 3675 9 %
10 2002 ... 2009 858 409 461 151.4 1880 5 %
sum 12263 5796 16495 4674 39228 100 %
fraction 31 % 15 % 42 % 12 % 100 %

Last updated: 31.10.2013

construction SFH TH MFH AB sum fraction
year class living space (million m²)
1 ... 1859 46 19 16 0.7 82 2 %
2 1860 ... 1918 135 62 163 35.8 396 11 %
3 1919 ... 1948 150 82 129 7.9 370 10 %
4 1949 ... 1957 116 52 125 17.0 309 9 %
5 1958 ... 1968 218 76 225 47.1 567 16 %
6 1969 ... 1978 233 79 169 86.7 569 16 %
7 1979 ... 1983 110 45 64 21.9 240 7 %
8 1984 ... 1994 178 85 133 34.8 431 12 %
9 1995 ... 2001 158 80 104 25.5 368 10 %
10 2002 ... 2009 119 52 39 10.4 220 6 %
sum 1463 633 1168 288 3552 100 %
fraction 41 % 18 % 33 % 8 % 100 %

Last updated: 31.10.2013

construction SFH TH MFH AB sum fraction
year class TABULA reference area (million m²)
1 ... 1859 50 21 18 1 90 2 %
2 1860 ... 1918 148 69 180 39 436 11 %
3 1919 ... 1948 165 91 142 9 407 10 %
4 1949 ... 1957 127 57 137 19 340 9 %
5 1958 ... 1968 240 84 248 52 623 16 %
6 1969 ... 1978 257 87 186 95 626 16 %
7 1979 ... 1983 121 49 70 24 264 7 %
8 1984 ... 1994 196 94 146 38 474 12 %
9 1995 ... 2001 173 89 115 28 405 10 %
10 2002 ... 2009 131 57 43 11 242 6 %
sum 1609 697 1285 316 3908 100 %
fraction 41 % 18 % 33 % 8 % 100 %

*calculation approach: TABULA reference area = living space x 1.1

Last updated: 31.10.2013

Aggregation for Building Stock Model

construction
period

number of
buildings
number of
dwellings
living space Tabula
reference area
1000 1000 million m² million m²
"Single Family Houses" SFH I until 1978 9342 11541 1270 1396
(<= 2 dwellings) SFH II 1979 - 1994 2852 3373 418 459
SFH II 1995 - 2009 2813 3144 409 450
"Multi Family Houses " MFH I until 1978 2377 15120 1024 1126
(>=3 dwellings) MFH II 1979 - 1994 498 3639 253 278
MFH III 1995 - 2009 358 2411 179 197
sum 18239 39228 3552 3908

Last updated: 31.10.2013

Statistic S-1.2.1: Percentage of Thermally Refurbished Envelope Areas

Percentages related to building numbers of the respective classes SFH I - MFH II
Percentage of modernised element area (with improved thermal protection)
Building classes SFH I SFH II MFH I MFH II
until 1978 1979-1994 until 1978 1979-1994
walls 20 % 7 % 26 % 15 %
roofs / upper floor ceilings 47 % 24 % 48 % 23 %
basement / cellar ceiling 10 % 3 % 11 % 7 %
windows* 35 % 12 % 44 % 24 %

modernisation of buildings erected after 1995 (SFH III and MFH III) neglected
*percentage of thermal protection glasing (window installation after 1995)

Statistic S-1.2.2: Information on Insulation Level and Window Types

S-1.2.2.1: Insulation thicknesses of refurbished Elements
Numbers related to modernised elements
Average values of insulation layer thickness
walls 8.7 cm
roofs / upper floor ceilings 12.8 cm
basement / cellar ceiling 7.5 cm

Statistic S-2.1: Centralisation of the Heat Supply (for Space Heating)

percentages related to: numbers of dwellings in all residential buildings of the classes SFH I - MFH III
SFH MFH
SFH I
(-1978)
SFH II
(1979-94)
SFH III
(1995-2009)
MFH I
(-1978)
MFH II
(1979-94)
MFH III
(1995-2009 )
Centralisation of Heating System
District Heating 1.4 % 2.3 % 3.6 % 12.0 % 22.2 % 11.6 %
Building / Apartment Heating Systems 88.4 % 93.4 % 94.1 % 81.9 % 75.1 % 88.0 %
Room Heating Systems 10.2 % 4.3 % 2.3 % 6.1 % 2.7 % 0.4 %

Statistic S-2.2: Heat Distribution and Storage of Space Heating Systems

percentages related to number of dwellings in buildings of classes SFH I- MFH III
which are supplied by building / apartment or district heating systems
Heat distribution and storage for space heating
SFH I SFH II SFH III MFH I MFH II MFH III
level 1: "high heat losses" 31 % 0 % 0 % 39 % 0 % 0 %
level 2: "medium heat losses" 28 % 61 % 30 % 33 % 85 % 74 %
level 3: "low heat losses" 13 % 8 % 23 % 19 % 9 % 22 %
level 4: "no heat losses" 29 % 31 % 48 % 9 % 5 % 4 %

Statistic S-2.3: Heat Generation of Space Heating Systems

Heat Generator Types
percentages related to: dwellings in all residential buildings of the classes SFH I - MFH III
Heat Generators for Space Heating SFH MFH
SFH I SFH II SFH III MFH I MFH II MFH III
Heat Generators Energy Carrier
District Heating
District Heating 1.4 % 2.3 % 3.6 % 12.0 % 22.2 % 11.6 %
Building / Apartment Heating Systems
Boilers Gas 43.6 % 48.1 % 66.4 % 52.5 % 61.9 % 77.9 %
Oil 39.4 % 40.6 % 18.7 % 25.6 % 12.7 % 5.2 %
Biomass 4.1 % 3.0 % 2.9 % 2.3 % 0.5 % 3.2 %
Coal 0.3 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.1 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Heat Pump Electricity 1.0 % 1.7 % 6.1 % 1.3 % 0.0 % 1.4 %
Gas 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
CHP Enginge Gas 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.1 % 0.0 % 0.3 %
direct electric Electricity 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Room Heating Systems
Stoves Gas 1.4 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 1.2 % 0.1 % 0.0 %
Oil 1.4 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.9 % 0.1 % 0.0 %
Biomass 3.8 % 0.3 % 0.8 % 1.3 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Coal 0.7 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.6 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
direct electric Electricity 2.9 % 3.7 % 1.3 % 2.1 % 2.5 % 0.4 %
Energy Carriers
percentages related to: dwellings in all residential buildings
of the classes SFH I - MFH III
SFH MFH
SFH I SFH II SFH III MFH I MFH II MFH III
Summary: Energy  Carriers
District Heating 1.4 % 2.3 % 3.6 % 12.0 % 22.2 % 11.6 %
Gas 45.0 % 48.1 % 66.4 % 53.8 % 62.0 % 78.2 %
Oil 40.8 % 40.9 % 18.9 % 26.5 % 12.8 % 5.2 %
Biomass 7.9 % 3.3 % 3.7 % 3.6 % 0.5 % 3.2 %
Coal 1.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.7 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Electricity 3.9% 5.4 % 7.4 % 3.4 % 2.5 % 1.8 %

Statistic S-2.4: Heat Distribution and Storage of Domestic Hot Water Systems

percentages related to number of dwellings in buildings of classes SFH I- MFH III
only buildings where the hot water is provided by the main heat generator for space heating are considered
Heat distribution and storage for space heating
SFH I SFH II SFH III MFH I MFH II MFH III
level 1: installed until 1979, not modernised 42 % 0 % 0 % 37 % 0 % 0 %
level 2: installed or modernised 1980 - 2000 39 % 89 % 55 % 43 % 86 % 77 %
level 3: installed or modernised since 2001 19 % 11 % 45 % 21 % 14 % 23 %

Statistic S-2.5: Heat Generation of Domestic Hot Water Systems

percentages related to number of dwellings in buildings of classes SFH I- MFH III
Heat Generation for hot water supply
SFH I SFH II SFH III MFH I MFH II MFH III
hot water generation combined with heating system 74 % 86 % 91 % 67 % 69 % 86 %
electric flow heaters without storage tanks 13 % 5 % 5 % 23 % 28 % 13 %
electric heaters with small storage tanks 6 % 4 % 1 % 3 % 1 % 1 %
gas flow heaters without storage tanks 3 % 0 % 0 % 6 % 1 % 1 %
hot water storage tanks directly heated with fuels (e.g. gas) 4 % 5 % 2 % 1 % 1 % 0 %
heat pump for hot water generation (exhaust air, cellar air) 0 % 0 % 1 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

Statistic S-3.1: Domestic energy consumption

Final energy consumption of private households by application in Germany, in TWh

  1996 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total 836.9 710.6 688.3 743.2 648.2 675.4
Space Heating 657.8 509.0 489.3 549.4 433.1 462.3
Oil 239.3 155.5 136.5 139.0 109.0 117.2
Oil inventories 9.0
Gas 285.8 222.6 215.6 243.3 189.5 201.8
Electricity 26.9 16.8 15.4 18.8 9.2 8.8
District heating 43.1 42.0 44.9 49.3 40.4 42.9
Coal 28.5 11.4 10.5 14.9 16.1 14.2
Renewables   60.8 66.4 84.1 69.0 77.5
Other 25.2
Domestic Hot Water 89.6 94.4 93.4 90.1 105.9 102.9
Oil 24.4 24.1 18.5 17.3 22.5 22.3
Gas 34.2 45.5 48.6 45.7 50.9 49.1
Electricity 22.8 17.2 18.9 20.0 19.3 19.0
District heating 5.7 3.6 4.1 3.3 5.2 5.1
Coal 0.8 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4
Renewables   2.9 3.2 3.8 8.0 6.9
Other 1.6
Other Process Heat Applications 27.7 39.1 38.8 38.1 39.5 40.2
Gas 3.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.0
Electricity 22.8 38.1 38.0 37.4 38.5 39.2
Other 1.6  
Cooling  
Other Process Cooling (Electricity)   27.8 27.6 27.1 29.0 29.2
Mechanical Energy 50.5 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4
Oil   0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Electricity 50.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4
ICT (Electricity)   24.1 23.8 23.4 24.6 24.7
Lighting (Electricity) 11.4 12.2 12.1 11.8 12.7 12.7

Data Source: AG Energiebilanzen, BMWi (2014): Zahlen und Fakten Energiedaten. Nationale und Internationale Entwicklungen. 23.06.2014, Table 7a

Additional data

  1996 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Dwellings in residential and non-residential buildings
Living area [1000 m²] 3,054,302 3,462,334 3,462,334 3,723,050 3,741,851 3,763,379
Number of dwellings 36,492,323 40,057,282 40,057,282 41,223,250 41,373,770 41,550,267
Dwelling in residential buildings
Living area [1000 m²] 2,992,485 3,393,400 3,409,819 3,597,985 3,616,552 3,637,799
Number of dwellings 35,789,160 39,267,887 39,390,468 3,9815,920 39,963,739 40,136,317
Number of buildings 15,924,303 17,949,803 18,029,257 18,359,032 18,447,707 18,545,526

Data source: Statistisches Bundesamt (2014): Gebäude und Wohnungen. Bestand an Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Bauabgang von Wohnungen und Wohngebäuden. Lange Reihen ab 1969-2012, Tables 1.1 and 2.1

Last updated: 02.09.2014


National Scientific Report Germany

Fundamentals and elements of the national residential building typology

Download:<DE_TABULA_ScientificReport_IWU.pdf>

(in English Language)

Last updated: 02.11.2012


Responsible for the content of this page: 
IWU - Institute for Housing and Environment 
(contact information)

 

 

 

 
IWU